By Johnny Gibbons
Birds use their bills largely to forage and eat, and these behaviors strongly influence the shape and size of a bird’s bill. But the bill can play an important role in regulating the bird’s body temperature by acting as a radiator for excess heat. A team of scientists have found that because of this, high summer temperatures have been a strong influence in determining bill size in some birds, particularly species of sparrows that favor salt marshes. The team’s findings are published in the scientific journal Ecography, July 20.
The savannah sparrow is one of the several sparrow species that showed a difference in bill size depending on the daily high summer temperatures of their salt marsh breeding habitats.
Scientists at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center at the Smithsonian’s Conservation Biology Institute and colleagues examined five species of sparrow that inhabit salt marshes on the East, West and Gulf coasts of North America. While these marshes are very similar in makeup and structure, the main difference among them is summer temperatures.
The savannah sparrow is one of the several sparrow species that showed a difference in bill size depending on the daily high summer temperatures of their salt marsh breeding habitats.
Focusing on 10 species and subspecies of tidal salt marsh sparrow, the team measured 1,380 specimens and found that the variation in the sparrows’ bill size was strongly related to the variation in the daily high summer temperatures of their salt marsh breeding habitats—the higher the average summer temperature, the larger the bill. Birds pump blood into tissue inside the bill at high temperatures and the body’s heat is released into the air. Because larger bills have a greater surface area than smaller bills, they serve as more effective thermoregulatory organs under hot conditions.
On average, the study found the bills of sparrows in marshes with high summer temperatures to be up to 90 percent larger than those of the same species in cooler marshes.
The song sparrow is one of the several sparrow species that showed a difference in bill size depending on the daily high summer temperatures of their salt marsh breeding habitats.
“It is known that blood flow is increased in poorly insulated extremities in some animals, like a seal’s flippers, a rabbit’s ears and the wattles of a turkey helping hot animals to cool down. The bill of a bird can function in much the same way allowing birds to dump heat,” said Russ Greenberg, director of the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center and lead author of the research. “Being able to cool down and not loose excess body moisture is particularly important since these birds live in an environment with direct sun and limited access to fresh water.”
The scientific theory known as Allen’s Rule states that warm-blooded species from colder climates usually have shorter limbs or appendages than the equivalent animals from warmer climates. The team’s new findings are a new example of Allen’s Rule that confirms the importance of physiological constraints on the evolution of vertebrate morphologies, even in bird bills.
The research team is working with physiologists from Brock University in Canada, employing thermal imaging to develop a more detail picture of how song sparrows that live in dunes and marshes along the Atlantic coast use their bills to stay cool.
